Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus household) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans by which the immune system begins to fail, resulting in life-threatening opportunistic infections. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as each free virus particles and virus inside contaminated immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe intercourse, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an contaminated mother to her child at birth (Vertical transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood merchandise within the developed world.
HIV an infection in humans is considered pandemic by WHO. From 1981 to 2006, AIDS killed more than 25 million people. HIV infects about 0.6% of the world's population. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.four-3.three million lives, of which greater than 570,000 have been children. A third of these deaths are occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic progress and increasing poverty. In accordance with current estimates, HIV is about to infect 90 million folks in Africa, leading to a minimal estimate of 18 million orphans. Antiretroviral therapy reduces each the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine entry to antiretroviral medication will not be available in all countries.
HIV primarily infects important cells in the human immune system resembling helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells by three foremost mechanisms: firstly, direct viral killing of infected cells; secondly, elevated charges of apoptosis in contaminated cells; and thirdly, killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline beneath a crucial degree, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the physique turns into progressively more vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
Ultimately most HIV-infected people develop AIDS. These people mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated with the progressive failure of the immune system. Without remedy, about 9 out of every 10 persons with HIV will progress to AIDS after 10-15 years. Many progress a lot sooner. Therapy with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people contaminated with HIV. Even after HIV has progressed to diagnosable AIDS, the typical survival time with antiretroviral therapy (as of 2005) is estimated to be more than 5 years. Without antiretroviral remedy, loss of life normally occurs inside a year.
Classification
HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family of Retroviridae. Lentiviruses have many widespread morphologies and biological properties. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, that are characteristically accountable for long-period diseases with a long incubation period. Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry of the goal cell, the viral RNA genome is converted to double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is present in the virus particle. This viral DNA is then built-in into the mobile DNA by a virally encoded integrase, together with host mobile co-elements, so that the genome may be transcribed. After the virus has contaminated the cell, two pathways are possible: both the virus turns into latent and the contaminated cell continues to function, or the virus turns into energetic and replicates, and a large number of virus particles are liberated that may then infect different cells.
There are two strains of HIV recognized to exist: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed LAV. It's extra virulent, relatively simply transmitted, and is the reason for nearly all of HIV infections globally. HIV-2 is much less transmittable and is basically confined to West Africa.
Signs and signs
An infection with HIV-1 is associated with a progressive decrease of the CD4+ T cell rely and a rise in viral load. The stage of infection might be decided by measuring the patient's CD4+ T cell rely, and the extent of HIV within the blood.
HIV infection has mainly four stages: incubation period, acute infection, latency stage and AIDS. The initial incubation period upon infection is asymptomatic and often lasts between two and 4 weeks. The second stage, acute an infection, which lasts an average of 28 days and may include signs comparable to fever, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), pharyngitis (sore throat), rash, myalgia (muscle ache), malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage, which occurs third, reveals few or no symptoms and may final wherever from two weeks to twenty years and beyond. AIDS, the fourth and final stage of HIV an infection shows as symptoms of assorted opportunistic infections.
A research of French hospital patients found that approximately 0.5% of HIV-1 contaminated people retain high levels of CD4 T-Cells and a low or clinically undetectable viral load with out anti-retroviral treatment. These people are classified as HIV controllers or Lengthy-term nonprogressors.
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